2019-2020學年上海實驗學校高三（上）開學英語試卷

II. Grammar and Vocabulary 20%Section ADirections： After reading the passage below， fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word， fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blanks， used one word that best fits each blank.

• 1．Last summer，I had just enough money （1）

  （save） to buy a golden ticket---- a 3-month train pass that would take me to the furthest reaches of Europe，Excited for my journey，I packed all the necessities--- （2）

  the guidebook．
      While the convenience of the Internet was definitely （3）

  contributing factor to my decision not to carry the few expensive kilograms of out-of-date information in my suitcase，this was not the only reason I decided to fly solo．
      To be honest，my main problem with the guidebook is that I find it limits a journey---like a bossy aunt （4）

  is always telling you what to do，although she doesn't always know what is best．Sometimes it's better to read outside the lines．Sometimes it's better not to read any lines at all．
      Experience has taught me that there is a distinction between a tourist and a traveler． （5）

  waiting in a queue to see Michelangel's David in Florence，I met a man who had a checklist．He showed me his list of "Top 20 things to do in Italy" and boasted that he had seen everything Italy had to offer in just four days．The problem that I had with this man's approach to （6）

  （travel） was that he was focused on ticking the boxes which were provided by his guidebook．He （7）

  （lose）in the list of the "must-sees" and blind to all that was happening around him．
      Guidebook-less（8）

  we were，my companion and I tasted the joy of being a traveler when visiting Estonia，the Baltic country bordering Russia．Arriving on noting more than a whim（突發(fā)的念頭），we had no option but （9）

  （approach） some friendly faces for advice．We introduced ourselves and asked them what was happening around town．When this resulted in an invitation to a beautiful Estonian home by a river （10）

  we enjoyed a 110-degree wood stove sauna（桑拿?。琹ocally picked forest-mushrooms and the good company of our five new found Estonian friend，we sure were glad we had left our bossy aunt at home．
  組卷：9引用：1難度：0.6

  解析

Section BDirections： Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

• 2．

  A．ignorant B．blindly C．assigned D．challenging E．identifying F．conducted G．committing H．conclusions I．clues J．authority K．reluctantly

  In the 1960s and 1970s，classic social psychological studies were conducted that provided evidence that even normal，decent people can engage in acts of extreme cruelty when instructed to do so by others．However，in an essay published in the open access journal PLOS Biology，Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisit these studies' （1）

  and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience，but enthusiasm too---（2）

  the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed" for conformity（一致性）．
      This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research programs （3）

  by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s．Milgram"s "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show that people （4）

  follow the instructions of an authority figure，and Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment（SPE） is commonly understood to show that people will take on abusive roles uncritically．
      However，Professor Haslam，from the University of Queensland，argues that tyranny （暴行）does not result from blind conformity to （5）

  and roles．Rather，it is a creative act of followership，resulting from （6）

  with authorities who represent vicious acts as virtuous．
      "Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive，mindless people who do not know what they are doing，but rather because they come to believe--typically under the influence of those in （7）

  that what they are doing is right，" Professor Haslam explained．
      Professor Reicher，of the University of St Andrews，added that it is not that they were blind to the evil acts they were （8）

  ，but rather that they knew what they were doing，and believed it to be right．
      These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher's own prison experiment，conducted in 2002 in cooperation with the BBC．The study generated three findings．First，participants did not automatically take their （9）

  role；second，they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identified with the group；and finally，group identity did not mean that people simply accepted their assigned position--it also empowered them to resist it．
      Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because criminals are helpless and （10）

  ；it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doing something worthy．
  組卷：5引用：1難度：0.4

  解析

III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections： For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A， B， C and D. Fill in each blank with the word of phrase that best fits the context.

• 3．Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language．They range from a carefully planned，intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a （1）

  study of one's mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home．To do this，someone has to act as a （2）

  of language data ---an informant Informants are （3）

  native speakers of a language who provide words and sentences for analysis and other kinds of information about the language．
     Many factors must be considered when selecting informants ---whether one is working with a single speakers or more people interacting．Age，sex，social background and other aspects of （4）

  are important，as these factors are known to influence the type of the （5）

  used．The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting are also highly （6）

  ，as are the personal qualities of the informants．
     Today，researchers often tape-record informants．This enables the linguist's claims about the language to be （7）

  ，and provides a way of making those claims more accurate as difficult pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly．But obtaining naturalistic，good-quality data is never easy．People （8）

  abnormally when they know they are being recorded，and sound quality can be poor．A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to （9）

  the "observer's paradox"，a situation in which people feel strange to each other．Some recording are made without the speakers being aware of the fact --- a procedure that obtains very natural data，though ethical （10）

  must be anticipated． （11）

  attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording，such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight，or using radio microphones．A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker，and stimulates a （12）

  language style like asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality．
     An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist's problems，however．Speech is often ambiguous or unclear．Where possible，therefore，the recording has to be （13）

  by the observer's written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants，and about the context in general．A （14）

  expression，for example，can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said．Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent，but even they have （15）

  as the camera cannot be everywhere，and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer．
  
  

  （1）	A．linguistic	B．casual	C．familiar	D．social
  （2）	A．source	B．store	C．means	D．medium
  （3）	A．mostly	B．naturally	C．ideally	D．merely
  （4）	A．education	B．identity	C．knowledge	D．experience
  （5）	A．system	B．element	C．structure	D．language
  （6）	A．suitable	B．sensitive	C．relevant	D．flexible
  （7）	A．checked	B．remembered	C．drafted	D．organized
  （8）	A．judge	B．talk	C．greet	D．act
  （9）	A．monitor	B．analyze	C．guide	D．minimize
  （10）	A．instruction	B．values	C．objections	D．awareness
  （11）	A．lternatively	B．Oddly	C．Eventually	D．Consequently
  （12）	A．familiar	B．native	C．natural	D．certain
  （13）	A．transformed	B．released	C．developed	D．supplemented
  （14）	A．usual	B．facial	C．free	D．flexible
  （15）	A．options	B．accusations	C．conditions	D．limitations
  組卷：16引用：1難度：0.3

  解析

Section BDirections： Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

• 4．As unpleasant emotions go，anxiety is the sketchiest．It's a vague，pit-of-the-stomach dread that sneaks up to you--that unease you get when your boss says that she needs to talk to you right away，when the phone rings at 4：00 a．m，or when your dentist looks into your mouth and says "Hmmmm" for the third time．
     Lingering anxiety can keep you up at night，make you irritable，undermine your ability to concentrate，and either ruin your appetite or cause Olympian eating binges．And the constant state of readiness generated by anxiety--adrenaline pumping，heart racing，palms sweating--may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease．
     How to prevent anxiety then？
     Meditate．Maybe you're just high-strung．If so，meditation is worth a try．It cultivates a calmness that eases anxious feelings and offers a sense of control．A study at the University of Massachusetts found that volunteers who took an 8-week meditation course were considerably less anxious afterward．People who are high-strung find that they are dramatically calmer with 20 minutes of meditation in the morning and another 20 minutes after dinner．
     If you've never done meditation，try this technique：Sit quietly in a comfortable position and take a few deep，cleansing breaths to relax your muscles．Then choose a calming word or phrase． （Experts suggest either a word or short phrase with religious significance，or the word one．） Silently repeat the word or phrase for 20 minutes．As you find your thoughts straying，gently return your focus to your repeated word and continue to breathe deeply．、
     Jog，walk，swim，or cycle．If you can't make time for meditation，be sure to make time for regular exercise．Exercise can have the same calming effect as meditation，particularly if it's something repetitive like running or swimming laps．
     Treatment？
     Odds are that you can learn to handle anxiety better．Here's how．
     Remember to breathe．When you're anxious，you tend to hold your breath or breathe too shallowly．That makes you feel more anxious．Breathing slowly and deeply can have a calming effect．To make sure that you're breathing correctly，place your hand on your diaphragm（橫膈膜），just below your rib cage．Feel it rise with each inhalation and fall with each exhalation．
     Analyze and act．The antidote（矯正方法）to anxiety is analysis and action．To rid yourself of that vague sense of dread，you have to figure out exactly what it is that you dread．Then you can map a plan of action to do something about it．Usually the first step in this action plan is to find out more about the problem．
     Let's say you are anxious about your competence on the job．Ask yourself， "What，in particular，am I afraid that I'll muff？" Maybe you're afraid that you'll get further behind and miss your deadlines．Or maybe you're worried that you're blowing it whenever you present your ideas in meeting．Are your worries founded？Have you had several near misses with deadlines？Are your suggestions routinely vetoed？If not，the anxiety is needless．If there is a real problem，work on a solution：Pace yourself to better meet deadlines，join a public speaking class．
  
  （1）What does the word "sketchiest" in Paragraph One mean？

  
  A．The most uncomfortable．
  B．The least serious．
  C．The most dreadful．
  D．The most irritable．
  （2）Which of the following symptoms is NOT directly caused by anxiety？

  
  A．Lower in concentration．
  B．No appetite．
  C．Heart racing．
  D．High blood pressure．
  （3）Jog，walk，swim，or cycle is，to a certain extent，similar to meditation because

  
  A．It can relieve your uneasiness effectively．
  B．exercise can make anxious people calm．
  C．doing exercises can relax your muscles．
  D．it's a kind of repetitive exercise．
  （4）Which of the following statements about breath is CORRECT？

  
  A．Quick and deep breathing have a calming effect．
  B．Breathing deeply can calm an anxious person．
  C．The diaphragm falls with each inhalation．
  D．The rib cage rises with each exhalation．
  組卷：8引用：1難度：0.6

  解析

V. Directions：Translate the following sentences into English， using the words given in the brackets．

• 12．這個作家的作品不僅讓我懂得了很多知識，也給予了我很多的靈感，對我人生的影響是巨大的．（Not only）
  組卷：2引用：1難度：0.7

  解析

VI. Guided Writing

• 13．Directions： Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese．
  以 "挫折" 為主題寫一篇作文
  以 "挫折" 為主題寫一篇作文．該文章必須包含以下內容：
  1． 你所經歷的一次挫折；
  2． 這次挫折帶給你的啟示．
  挫折：setback
  組卷：7引用：1難度：0.5

  解析